Machiavelli Essays - Machiavellianism, Renaissance Literature

Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli was not one, but three men: a political theorist, a military theorist, and a famous writer. Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence in 1469. The Machiavelli family was one of the most prominent politically in the city, having 15 Gonfaloniere among his ancestors.1 Niccolo's father, Bernardo Machiavelli was a legal consultant in the city, prominent participant in humanist scholarship of the day, and close associate of the city's First Chancellor. Niccolo received the very top quality humanist education available. We first hear of him playing an active role in the affairs of his native city in 1498, when the position for head of second chancery, came open. He was only twenty-nine years old at the time, and didn't have any previous experience. However, his nomination was confirmed and he was appointed second chancellor of the Florentine Republic.2 Machiavelli's official position involved him in very important duties. The first and second chanceries both handled official correspondence dealing with Florence's domestic, foreign, and military affairs. As head of the second chancier, Machiavelli was also soon assigned the further job of secretary to the Ten of War, the committee responsible for the Florence's diplomatic relations.3 In addition to his routine office duties, he also traveled abroad to act as spokesman for the Ten. During the next fourteen years, Machiavelli was sent on numerous diplomatic missions to France, Switzerland, and Germany. In June 1500, Machiavelli was in France at the court of Louis XII, negotiating for assistance in regaining Pisa, which had asserted its independence form Florence and tried to establish an independent city-state.4 There in France, Machiavelli saw first-hand the weak leadership of the king. He also learned about the French Parliament and its difficulties in resolving power struggles between the hereditary nobles and the common people. The Medici reentered the city of Florence in 1512, after eighteen years. Within weeks the free republic of Florence was swept away, and in came oligarchy, and the Medici family assumed absolute power. In November 1512, Machiavelli was dismissed from his government post and forbidden to leave Florentine territory for a year.5 In February 1513, he was falsely accused of taking part in an unsuccessful conspiracy against the Medici and was imprisoned.6 Early in the same year, Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici was elected as pope as Leo X. The election greatly strengthened the new regime in Florence. Along with celebrations, they freed many political prisoners, including Machiavelli. As soon as he was released, he tried to get his job back. With no response from the Medici, he withdrew to his farm at Sant' Andrea. There Machiavelli began writing "The Prince"-describes the means by which a leader may gain and maintain power. Machiavelli hoped that "The Prince" would bring him to the attention of the Medici. He wanted them to see that he was still their loyal subject, and to impassive that he was a man worth employing.7 The year 1512 is generally considered to have been the turning point of his life. Machiavelli, throughout his whole life was involved in politics and writing.. He was a born writer even when he was not trying. After he was dismissed from office, was when he used his writing as means to get his job back. The Medici didn't agree with the book, and the public was outraged. The public thought he was cruel and heartless for having such evil thoughts. Machiavelli never won the trust of the Medici, and never got his job back. From 1513 to the time of his death in 15278, he wrote numerous of political works including: The Prince, 1513; The Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy, 1513-1518; The Discourse on the War with Pisa, 1498; Report on the Fortifications of Florence, 1526; The Life of Castruccio Castracani, 1520; The Art of War, 1517-1520, etc. In addition, he wrote several literary works: Mandragola, a play; Clizia, an adaptation from Plautus; Belfagor, a novel.9 The Medici was kicked out of Florence a few years later.10 Machiavelli ran to take office, but his reputation with The Prince made people think that his political views were like the Medici and was not elected. Machiavelli continued to write and died peacefully in his home in 1527.11 Even after his death he was criticized for his corrupt ruling. Machiavelli's purpose was to describe the realities of political life-not to set up a school for tyrants. It was believed that rulers like Napoleon I and Adolf Hitler used The Prince as a kind of textbook to guide them in the pursuit of power.12 If Machiavelli's exposition

The Best Urdu Essay Topics For Grade 8

The Best Urdu Essay Topics For Grade 8Urdu essay topics for grade 8 are actually quite easy to come up with if you keep in mind certain things. The kind of essays that you need to write are essentially very simple and easy to understand, and the reasons why you need to do this are very important. If you don't put a good amount of thought into your essays, then you'll be causing yourself quite a lot of trouble, and it might also be detrimental to your grades at school.Before you start writing your essay topics for grade 8, there are a few things that you should do before you even get started. First of all, you should go through your current grammar and spelling on your paper and make sure that you have an absolutely clean sheet. Once you've made sure that you have an absolutely clean sheet, you can start thinking about what kind of topics you are going to be writing about.There are many different kinds of subjects out there that you can choose from, and they will be something that is going to help to move you towards your major, or help you learn some important stuff that you need to know about. Some of the topics that you might want to write about include local sports, religion, movies, and so on. Whatever you want to write about, just make sure that you are able to write about it effectively. If you aren't writing anything good about it, then it won't do you much good to get it in front of the teacher.One of the main ways that you can make sure that you write a good essay is by getting it organized and writing it properly. This means making sure that you have an easy to read outline, as well as a good outline, and keeping it organized. Keep in mind that you don't want to spend a great deal of time trying to organize your essay topics for grade 8.Writing essays isn't that hard, but you need to make sure that you are able to focus on the right things when you are writing your essay topics for grade 8. When you have a problem with organizing your ideas and your t houghts, then you are more likely to come up with a completely unorganized essay. If you find that you have a problem with organizing your thoughts and ideas, then the only thing that you can do is to make sure that you organize them properly before you actually start to write them down.Essays are something that you're going to need to do at school, so it is important that you get through them well, and without mistakes. Many students come to school with huge lists of assignments, and they're constantly making them and doing something over again. If you can avoid this, then you'll find that you can actually make sure that you don't have a lot of problems with your essays.Urdu essay topics for grade 8 can be written as long as you're able to stay focused and follow the guidelines that are given to you. Your teacher will be able to tell you when you have a problem with organization, and when you need to stop writing and think about how you're going to write it properly. If you need to stop writing and think about how you're going to write it, then you might want to consider writing a practice essay first.Urdu essay topics for grade 8 should be written based on topics that you really want to write about. Try to make sure that you find some things that you really want to talk about in your essay, and write a lot about them in your essay. If you make sure that you don't waste any time with the essay topics, then you should be able to get through it without any problems.