Allegory of the Cave Essay

Written as a dialogue between Glaucon (Plato’s brother) and Socrates (his mentor), The Allegory of he Cave is a poem composed in approximately 1509. The source of this poem is from series on Plato called â€Å"The School of Athens† by Raphael. Socrates had a specialized teaching method (now referred to as the Socratic method) which was characterized by asking and answering questions in order to stimulate critical thinking (EH 72). The structure of this piece reflects this method because Socrates is using dialect and a series of questions to teach the lesson/metaphor. An allegory can be defined as a story, picture, or poem that, when interpreted, has a hidden meaning/lesson. This allegory has to do with a cave in which prisoners are being held captive. They are chained to the floor with their heads only facing one wall, therefore they are unable to see what is behind them. Though this is an allegory because the cave represents life and the puppeteers behind he prisoners making shadows represents reality. The hidden meaning of the allegory stems from the idea that the prisoners have a misinterpreted idea of reality. They only see the shadows and reflections that the puppeteers are making therefore they believe that is life. Once they turn around and it is revealed that those were puppeteers the whole time, they are extremely shocked. It shows us that our perception of reality and what we see around us is false. Our imperfect interpretations of reality may not always be what they seem, sometimes we are viewing what we want to view, seeing what our mind want’s us to see, rather that seeing the true reality. The theme explored in this allegory has connections tied back to the cultural themes of the Hellenic Age and ancient Classical Greek Philosophy. People viewed the enlightenment as a new coming of age in which new teachings were applied. This poem represents the teaching of morality in a time where philosophers were striving to teach of the world around them (EH 84). During the Hellenic period the ancient Greeks were undergoing great  cultural and political change. The love for art and literature rose as ancient Greeks were moving from oral to a literate culture form based on rational thought, which can be exemplified in the poem The Allegory of the Cave. During the Hellenic Age (EH 83), Greek cultural influence was high and the spreading of the arts, literature, philosophy, politics, and education was wide spreading throughout Europe. The Hellenic Age held a high value on learning. Athens held a numerous amount of libraries and philosophy during the time experienced many new and de veloped schools of thought (EH 76). This is viewed through the allegory because it is trying to teach the world a lesson through the use of philosophy. The primary form of art during this period was sculpture and the dominant form of literature was poetry, as again exemplified by the allegory. I personally found the allegory difficult to understand at first, thought after a couple of careful reads of the reading material I began to see the true meaning. I found the allegory to be very interesting and morally informative. I do agree with the ideas it expresses to the extent that it makes a person revisit how they perceive the world around them and the true meaning of reality. I do not believe it should go as far as to change your mindset to question whether you are viewing a true reality or just a mental paradox. Though overall I believe I learned a lot from his allegory and despite the difficulty, thoroughly enjoyed reading it.

Impact of jet on vanes Essay

The impact of jet experiment is to demonstrate and verify the integral momentum equation.[1]. In lay man terms, it’s another way to understand fluid pressure by using the pressure to accelerate the fluid to a plate by a high velocity in a jet which in result will generate force due to impulse. The graph will show forces against momentum with different design plates. This experiment helps us to understand about fluid pressure also gives us a better understanding about fluid related machines. These Terms have the same force and effect as an Agreement signed in writing. If you do not agree to these Terms, you may not use the Service. Each time you access, upload, or download any content from the Service, you signify your agreement to the then-current terms. This Agreement is subject to change at any time; therefore, you are responsible to review these Terms regularly to learn about any changes. We will post an updated version of these Terms if we modify them. You understand and a gree that your ongoing use of the Service after we post or provide notice of the changes to this Agreement means that you accept and confirm that the updated Terms apply to you. The laws of the State of California govern this Agreement. You agree to resolve any dispute with us as provided in the Dispute Resolution Procedures described in Sections 21 and 22 below, which include arbitration and the options you have with arbitration. We use the term â€Å"You† to mean the person or entity who will access or use the Service as an end user. The term â€Å"Login† means the combination of unique username and password that is used to access our Service. A login is a license to use a site, application or service for a period of time that is specified. â€Å"Membership† or â€Å"Members† means a single registration and/or subscription account per user of a valid username and password (login) for the service during the term of a subscription. â€Å"We† or â⠂¬Å"us† in this Agreement shall mean: its brands, affiliates, subsidiaries and operating divisions.

Analysis of Barbie Doll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Barbie Doll - Essay Example These dolls are not only a thing that children like playing with but for girls it helps them imagine what they would look like when they grow up. The Barbie doll became the dream of many girls. The history of the Barbie doll started with the love story of a young boy and girl who fell in love and at that time in America there was a little tradition of girls going to college so they got married at a young age whose name are Ruth and Elliot Handler who had two children Barbie and Ken. They both owned a company in the 1940’s that used to make wooden frames. This is how their toy business started and after that both of them joined their close friend Harold Mattson to form a company which could create such a doll which would be famous all over the world and the company was named Mattel where Matt stands for Mattson and el for Elliot. This is how Barbie came into existence and Ruth hired Charlotte Johnson to do Barbie’s wardrobe and in 1958 the patent of Barbie was obtained. The Japanese were the first one to manufacture hand-stitched clothes of the first Barbie dolls. The Barbie doll was portrayed as a fashion model for the teenagers. From the time of its existence till today, the Barbie doll has taken on many professions like a doctor, dentist, paleontologist, firefighter and many others.

The case of triage after a disaster Research Paper

The case of triage after a disaster - Research Paper Example He also needs critical care and should be the second person to attend to avoid losing too much blood. Jason should be assessed for injuries on internal organs as the lacerations on the chest are quite deep (Lee, 2010). Mr. Campbell is suffering from high blood pressure and needs urgent attention as he has already began experiencing respiratory distress and chest pain. Owing to his medical history of cardiac disease, it may turn out to be fatal in a short while. He should be the third person to attend to. It is important to help him restore his normal blood pressure. Jane needs further medical evaluation to determine her mental and physiological state. Her condition requires nursing diagnosis as it is not clear what she is suffering from but it is evident that she has a problem. She should the fourth patient to attend to. Blake is suffering from relatively mild conditions. He suffered a fractured leg that has already been stabilised. Painkillers can be administered to him to relief hi s discomfort. He will be the fifth person to attend to if there is no other acute case that will emerge as he can wait longer but not too long to cause him a lot of suffering (Koenig et al. 2006). Physical assessment on Janet will begin with neurological evaluation considering factors such as changes in the consciousness level of the patient, anxiety, lethargy, confusion and incomprehension. It is also necessary to seek for the patient’s neurological health history to determine if she had previous experiences of anaesthesia and sensory disturbance among others. The intensity of these neurological aspects will be used to determine if there are functional disorders or indications of a medical problem. These assessments will help to understand if she is traumatised as a result of the disaster and the thought of ‘near death’ situation. If her condition is as a result of shock, she will be out of danger and it will be easy to resuscitate her. The somatic,

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE Research Paper - 2

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE - Research Paper Example However, many others argue that ethanol is neither economical nor environmental friendly and it cannot cater the energy needs of America even if the whole lands in America are cultivated with ethanol producing plants. This paper tries to find answers to the question; SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE? Korzeniewski, (2009) argued that ethanol is cheap compared to gasoline and it helps mixers generate higher octane ratings (Korzeniewski, 2009). Oil prices are growing day by day and more over, the oil sources are exhausting every day. Some experts pointed out that the available oil sources may last for only 30-40 years more if the consumptions continue at the present rate. Under such circumstances, it is necessary for us to find an alternate energy source and many people believe that biofuel may replace oil fuels in future. However, Taylor and Van Doren, (2007) have questioned above argument. In their opinion, the perception about ethanol as an economical fuel is only a myth. They have quoted a 2005 report issued by the Agriculture Department, and argued that corn ethanol costs an average of $2.53 to produce, or several times what it costs to produce a gallon of gasoline (Taylor and Van Doren, 2007). In other words, ethanol use cannot be encouraged in America without giving subsidie s. It is difficult for the government to spend huge amounts as subsidies for encouraging ethanol use, especially in the present economic crisis situations. Another major question raised by the critics of ethanol is the feasibility of ethanol fuel in old cars. These people argued that ethanol may create major problems in old car engines and the engine could be damaged if ethanol fuels used for a prolonged period. In their opinion, new engines and new cars compatible with ethanol is required to encourage the ethanol use in America. Korzeniewski, (2009) has pointed out that â€Å"todays cars and trucks are all fully

Mintzbergs Leadership Test and Reflection Essay

Mintzbergs Leadership Test and Reflection - Essay Example Participative leaders value the people they work with and use the inputs that members of the team provide, thus they create a committed team based on participation.  Advantages of being a participative leader are many. Being a participative leader, there is a scope for growth of other leaders within the organization. The process used by the leaders is one which allows for everyone to participate in the decision making of the company. This increases the productivity of the people in the team and also allows for allowing for the team members to express their creativity and also demonstrate their abilities and talents which do not be seen in the other styles of leadership. Also, it has been noted that there is a clear development of skills and abilities. This form of leadership provides the team with a chance to learn their weaknesses and work on improving their weaknesses. This is not only useful for the current job, but also for future jobs and their career as a whole. Also, this st yle of leadership also provides the team with a range of possibilities. This style provides a new direction to decision making and instead of placing all the load on one individual it sees all problems, issues, and processes from several different angles. This method also allows me to use brainstorming as a solution to issues. Using a brainstorming is one which is most useful as any process can be improved and every issue can have a better approach if a number of aspects are considered (Slocum and Hellriegel, 2006).  

Ourselves Alone by Anne Devlin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ourselves Alone by Anne Devlin - Research Paper Example The setting of the play is generally around Andersonstown, West Belfast, with succinct side tracks to South Belfast and Dublin. The play has been produced, directed, and enacted manifold times. One presentation is by Crash Box Players and Lost Angels, directed by Steven Friedland, and produced by Kathleen Dunn, Laura Niemi and Elise Robertson. The cast of the play includes Jake Alston (as Danny/Second Soldier), Kelly Boulware (as Cathal/First Soldier), Ed Cunningham (as John McDermot), Kathleen Dunn (as Donna), Darrel Guilbeau (as Gabriel/Policeman), David Lane (as musician), Jack Mungovan (as Liam/Musician), Laura Niemi (as Frieda), Elise Robertson (as Josie), Joel Stoffer (as Joe Conran), and Joseph Whipp (as Malachy). The cast is very talented, giving extra beauty to the theme of the play. The play made its appearance in London during 1985-86. Anne Devlin, the daughter of a controversial labor leader in Belfast, Paddy Devlin, has attempted to accomplish a surmountable job telling the story of the Belfast when it was seeing some of the worst days of its history, through weaving of the story related to three Catholic women, whose lives underwent many changes brought about by the ongoing incidents and happenings in Belfast. Anne Devlin shows, in the play, how men reveal their macho by converting the society into a war zone. These men also included those who were struggling for the Irish independence, who were unknowingly converting the community into a zone of never-ending siege. Culture was being ignored. Family lives were suffering. â€Å"†¦where women suffer a double oppression--subjugated as much by their brothers, fathers, husbands, and lovers as by the Brits. Ourselves Alone tries to expose the ugliness of the Belfast blood knot†, writes Adler (para.2). It was hard to decide where Belfast was heading to. The storyline revolves around three ordinary Catholic women, including two Andersonstown sisters, Donna and Josie McCoy, and their brotherâ⠂¬â„¢s wife, Frieda, who has been a Long Kesh prisoner, as shown in the play’s early scenes. Donna is kind of superficial, Josie possesses a strange hidden agenda, and Frieda is shown struggling with life in order to bring up her infant alone, when her husband is in prison. Frieda’s pro-IRA father has disowned her, and she wants to be a singer but her father sends her into the arms of a Workers' Party organizer and anti-IRA zealot. All three of the Catholic women wish and struggle to escape the political peril that is affecting their lives, but they cannot take a step because they are bound to the family loyalties residing in their hearts. Their complex relationships with men are also a hurdle. Donna waits for her lover for five years who is in prison, but when he comes out of the jail, she finds that he is not the kind of man who was worth waiting for. Josie has been a courier when rebellion against the British was going on, and has interest in politics of the trouble going in the Ireland; yet, she is trapped inside her wish for a romantic relationship. She fancies the men in her life, who are there to subjugate her. She is in love with an IRA leader, but is also in a relationship. She gets pregnant with her partner. What is interesting about the play is that Devlin’s Catholic women are not the rebellious heroines of the Ireland. Instead, they are making victims of themselves by not reacting against the harsh circumstances, keeping

Environmental Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Environmental Accounting - Essay Example The primary purpose of a traditional financial statement is to provide information solely on the matters which have a material financial impact on the company. As a result, the financial accountants and financial auditors pay attention to environmental issues (typically legal or regulatory) only in cases when the latter, for example, prevent the sale of goods in stock, will make products obsolete, will require major capital expenditure to meet consent levels and so forth (Owen 2004). Such situation seriously complicates the intensively debated problem of incorporating environmental data into financial statements of UK companies. This debate clearly suggests that the published financial statements of UK companies as they are at present may not provide an adequate means of assessing the success of the companies' activities. Increasing globalization of business environment, coupled with growing concern over environmental issues has drawn serious attention to changing the traditional accounting standards to incorporate social and environmental impact of companies' operations. Harmonization of accounting standards to allow the transportability of accounting information and smoother operation of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) has become the primary focal points of the new developments in accounting practice (Gray 2004). This paper represents an attempt to analyze the concept of environmental accounting, its relationship with the basic concepts of traditional accounting and its application to the modern business framework. The range of problems associated with effective incorporation of environmental accounting principles in practice will also be identified. Although the paper relies extensively on review and analysis of the research literature instead of primary data provided by the UK, US and other companies it barely undermines its credibility. Firstly, only highly credited scholarly sources and authors are included in the review. Secondly, the existing research provides valuable hints on such aspects of environmental accounting which might have remained unnoticed for a relatively inexperienced in this field person. The below discussion is divided into several subsections to 2. Environmental Reporting Defined The environmental Working Party of the European Federation of Accountants defines the objective of environmental reporting as follows: the provisions of information about the environmental impact and performance of an entity that is useful to relevant stakeholders in assessing their relationship with the reporting entity (Dixon, Mousa and Woodhead 2004). In other words, the aim of environmental accounting is to identify use of environmental resources and all measures taken in this area and to communicate costs of an organization's actual or potential impact on the environment. These costs include the expenditures to clean up or remediate sites contaminated as a result of an organizatio

Critical evalluation of the extent to which institutional factors Essay

Critical evalluation of the extent to which institutional factors influence inward and outward FDI - Essay Example However, it is difficult to measure the various institutional factors and therefore the extent to which it influences inward and outward FDI is a subjective issue. The issue of â€Å"institutional distance† has been found to have an influence on both the inward and the outward FDI. Institutional distance is the difference in the quality of institutions between two or more countries. Quere et al. (2007) studied the determinants of FDI and concluded that â€Å"raising the quality of institutions and making them converge towards those of source countries may help developing countries to receive more FDI, hence help them to catch up, independently of the indirect impact of higher GDP per capita†. It is widely known that good quality institutions have a positive impact on the inflow and outflow of FDI. Some scholars suggest that institutional differences may be a source of comparative advantages, some sectors being more ‘institution-intensive’ than others, and t hat this could be a source of more trade flows. To the extent that trade and FDI are complements, this could raise FDI too. Good governance is one of the institutional qualities which are thought to positively affect the flow of FDI. Globerman and Shapiro (2002) studied the impact of the main components of the governance indicators on both inflows and outflows of a country’s FDI. They concluded that good governance encouraged both FDI inflows and outflows; although the impact of good governance on the outflow of FDI only applies to relatively large and developed countries. However, measuring governance is a subjective task which varies from one research to another. Some studies concentrates on one country yet trade flow involves at least two countries. Since FDI flows can move on either direction, governance of all the countries involved should be scrutinized in order to determine the actual impact of governance on both in-flows and out-flows of FDI. The tax system of a host country is another determinant of FDI. If a tax system of a country is set in a manner that the products and services of foreign firms are more taxed than those of the local firms, the inward flow of FDI is likely to be reduced. This is because the foreign firms would have a challenge in setting the prices of their goods and services; in order to make profits, they might be forced to set their prices above those of the local firms thus leading to lower than expected sales. On the other hand, imposing heavy taxes on the products and services of the local firms may hamper their growth. For this reason, the local firms may not grow to become MNEs and thus affecting the outward FDI. However, heavy taxes on the local firms may lead to investment in other countries where the tax rates of taxation is relatively lower. This will lead to increased out-flow of FDI. Corruption is also another institutional factor which is known to determine the flow of FDI. Many researchers have found that cor ruption increases the cost of investment and lead to reduced expected revenues. Taking corruption to mean â€Å"paying certain individuals in order to get an investment opportunity in the host country†, it would negatively affect the inward flow of FDI. In addition, the misuse of public funds and resources by

List 5 notable strikes and the following factors Essay

List 5 notable strikes and the following factors - Essay Example However, during this period beginning 1890, the business started experiencing an economic downturn, as were other manufacturing companies, whereby the market price of steel products went down thereby reducing the amount of profits. As a result, the general manager, Henry Frick, proposed a plan to reduce the cost of production by lowering wages and forcing workers to break ranks with the AA, which did not go down well with the workers (Krause, 1992). Without AA’s presence, Frick felt that he would be in full control of the human resources. As a result, the employees embarked on a strike, which lasted for approximately 4 months. The workers, during this period, were involved in an armed conflict with the Pinkertons, who were armed men hired by Frick to suppress the strikers, a conflict which contributed to the death of 9 workers and 7 Pinkertons while several others suffered bullet injuries. At the end of these confrontations, the workers were defeated and they had to accept the terms set down by Frick in order to be allowed to continue working in the company while the leaders of the strike were fired and subjected to court proceedings though no one was sent to prison (Krause, 1992). The Pullman Strike of 1894 As stated earlier, the early 1890s was a period of economic downturns and most of the industries were affected (Salvatore, 1999). The Pullman Palace car Industry, based in Pullman, Illinois, was one of those companies, which suffered reduced revenues as a result of low demand for their products, which basically included train cars. As a counter measure, the management decided to cut wages and thereafter gave deaf ear to the workers complaints, which included low wages, overworking and high cost of living. As a result, more than 3000 employees of the company decided to go on strike, which was later supported by the American Railway Union, which significantly increased the number to more than 100000 individual members from 26 states, who were advised t o boycott any operations that involved cars from the Pullman industry (Salvatore, 1999). This is a strike which begun on May 11, 1894 to August 2, 1894. The reason for the conclusion of the strike was that the then president Cleveland sent in federal and state troops to crush the strike specially because it was interfering with the deliver of mail and this had begun to disgust the general public, who were shifting their support to the government. The Union leaders were arrested while more than 20 workers lost their lives in the process. Pullman employees tried to negotiate for an unconditional reinstatement to their former positions but the management refused to accept and instead forced them to sign contracts, which forbid them from joining any labor unions failure to which they would lose their jobs. The workers, while on strike, contributed to the destruction of property and loss of revenues especially for the railway line approximated to more than $4 million as per the then valu e of the dollar. The workers also lost more than $1 million in terms of wages not forgetting the magnitude of human labor dedicated by the security organs to crush the strike (Salvatore, 1999). Textile Workers Strike of 1934 The Textile Workers Strike of 1934 was an event in the US history, which was organized by the United Textile Workers of America (UTW), a union whose membership

How Ethnic Groups Can Be Unified Essay Example for Free

How Ethnic Groups Can Be Unified Essay I would like to believe that I grew up very diversely. I attend an all foreign language program that was housed in my elementary / middle school and my mom allowed me to attend the Japanese classes up until the three grade when the program received funding for their own school. However, while I was in the program I was able to interact with a many different ethnic groups and because of my age and the fact that my mother raised me to be open-minded and well rounded I didn’t see a difference between myself and the other children in the class, in fact at the time I remember having a Mexican boyfriend and an Asian best friend. Because of my past I believe all ethnic groups can be unified if everyone can accept the fact that everyone is different and embrace everyone for their difference. The act of not liking someone because they are different is a learned behavior and children typical are learning this behavior from the adults around them and society views on that group of people. A simple and easy to understand example of how people are taught now to like each other is showed in most movies that make any reference to slavery. There is always a part of the movie where two little children, one being white and the other black, start out great friends but as time goes on they learn that they can’t be friends or date because one person is black and the other is white. I’d be naà ¯ve to think that in my generation ethnic group unity will happen. 9-11 the US unified as a nation but we still had a negative view on one ethnic group for the actions of a individuals of that group. To this day I still know people who don’t care for Muslims as a whole because of 9-11. I do believe that things have gotten better over the year but only in some regions of the world. All I can do is raise my children the way that I was raised and hope that they treat everyone with respect no matter their ethnic background.

Falconry Essay Example for Free

Falconry Essay Falconry, also known as hawking, is a form of hunting which involves the use of trained hawks and falcons to prey on other animals. Falconry may be considered one of the oldest sports, dating back over 4,000 years ago in Egypt and China that is still practiced today. Falconry was considered a status symbol, restricted to noble classes, in medieval Europe and a way of obtaining food. Falconry still exists today with more than 3,800 licensed falconers in the United States. Historically, falconry was not only a popular sport but was considered a status symbol among the aristocracy of medieval Europe. Legend has it that a Persian King watched a falcon kill another bird and ordered his men to capture the falcon. The king kept the falcon with him at all times, learned many lessons from it and was considered the first falconer. The origin of falconry can be traced back to 2000 BC through ancient writings, drawings and artifacts. There is debate as to when and where falconry originated, however, some historians place its origin in Asia around the second century A. D. and then spread west, while other historians place the origin in Arabia or the Middle East based on records dated 8,000 BC, found of a king who used birds of prey. It is known that by the fourth century, falconry had spread through Western Europe and Britain. Most of the information about falconry comes from its popularity in medieval Europe and the Middle East during the middle ages. The sport of falconry began to decline in popularity during the 1700 and 1 +-*. 800s because of the decline of nobility and the increased use of firearms to kill animals for food and for sport. However, by the 1900s, its popularity was renewed and the largest falconry association, the Peregrine Blub was established in the United States. Falconry is now legal in the United States in all states except Hawaii and the District of Columbia. State and federal licenses are required to practice this sport. Falconry not only exists today in the United States but also is practiced throughout the world. Originally, the purpose of falconry was to obtain food to eat, however, nobility (Kings of Britain, Russian Czars and the Holy roman Emperors) shifted this purpose to one of social entertainment. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily and Jerusalem was considered to be the greatest falconer of the medieval age. Falconry became so popular that it became regulated with a strict set of customs called the Laws of Ownership. These laws dictated what type of birds could be owned by various social ranks. The table shown below gives a partial listing of social rank and appropriate bird. There were also severe punishments including time in jail to anyone who harmed a falcon’s bird nest, eggs, and young or took a falcon from the wild that did not belong to you. One of the most severe punishments was given to a person who flew a bird above what your rank permitted. This punishment was having your hand cut off. Social rank and appropriate bird (adapted from original table) King| Gyr Falcon| Prince| Peregrine Falcon| Knight| Saker| Squire| Lanner| Lady| Female Merlin| Priest| Female Sparrowhawk| Knaves, servants, children| Kestrel| Adapted from The Ancient Art of Falconry The players in this sport are the falconer and his or her raptor. The falconer is the person that handles or trains the raptor. Their principle responsibilities were to ensure that his master’s birds of prey, raptors, were fully trained, well-fed and ready to hunt when called upon. The raptor is a bird of prey with a hooked beak for tearing meat, and powerful, hooked talons for grasping and holding prey. Not all raptors are suitable for falconry. Suitable raptors can be grouped by the way they are flown at the prey and are divided into three categories: broad-winged hawks, short-wing hawks and long-wing hawks. The broad-wing hawks (Buteos) include the Golden Eagles, Buzzards and Harris hawk that hunt rabbits and other ground game. They are also known as the â€Å"bombers†. The short-wing hawks (Accipiters) are used to hunt other birds in wooded or bushy terrain and include goshawks. They are called the â€Å"attack helicopters. † The long-winged hawks, considered the â€Å"true† falcons, are considered the â€Å"fighter jets. † They hunt other birds, such as waterfowl in open country. The Peregrine Falcons, Gyrfalcon, Lanner Falcon and the American Kestrel are included in this group. The different physical characteristics of these raptors allow the hunter to vary his or her hunting method. Each of the various physical characteristics allows adaptation to their hunting environment. The buteos will usually perch in high trees and then dive on the prey out in the open, hence the name â€Å"bomber†. Because the Accipiters have short wings, they can easily maneuver and can chase their prey through the various terrains, similar to â€Å"attack helicopters. † The long-winged hawks, â€Å"fighter jets†, circle hundreds of feet in the air and then stoop at very high speeds (averaging 25-34 mph and reaching up to 200 mph) to knock their prey out of the sky using their feet as fists. Broad-winged-buzzardShort-winged-Goshawk Long-winged-Peregrine Falconmonacoeye. com goshawk dove4. jpg mysideofthemountain. wikispaces. com The relationship between the falconer and raptor is very important and training a falcon is not easy. Although the raptor is not a pet, it is trained to accept the presence of their trainer in their natural pursuit of prey. Great skill and patience is involved when training falcons. A falcon responds to its trainer not out of affection or fear but out of the association of a trainer to its only source of food. The first stage of training is called manning. In this stage, the tethered raptor becomes accustomed to being handled and eating food from a gloved hand. During the next stage, a tethered raptor is rewarded with food for flying short distances and returning. The use of a hood on the bird kept the bird calm and prevents distractions while it is preparing to fly. Once a tethered raptor has learned to fly to his trainer consistently, the raptor can be brought out to an open meadow where they are taught to rise from the owner’s wrist on command and gain the experience of hunting. The introduction to the swing-lure is part of this next phase of training. A string is attached to one of the bird’s claws and the bird had circled around it would be reeled in at the falconer’s command. When the raptor makes a kill, the reward is only a small piece of the kill because only hungry raptors hunt. If the raptor is not hungry, it is possible that it will not return to the falconer. One of the misconceptions is that the raptor will bring back its kills to the falconer. The falconer must find his raptor; some use a dog as part of the team, and exchanges a fresh piece of meat for the catch. irportjournals. com Falconry became popular again in America in 1920 after an issue in the National Geographic Magazine published an article â€Å"Falconry, the sport of Kings†. Unfortunately, just as interest in falconry was peaking, the raptors were beginning to die due to synthetic chemical poisons such as DDT. This poison caused reproductive failure in many of the raptor birds including the peregrine falcon. The United States banned the use of DDT and enacted the Endangered Species Act that gave protection to some bird species including the Peregrine Falcon. Two U. S. falconers, Tom Cade and Heinz Meng, began a captive-breeding program to lead repopulation efforts of these endangered species. Their program has been very successful by breeding and releasing thousands of peregrines. The practice of modern day falconry is very similar to traditional falconry with some minor modifications. These modifications include: use of transmitters, type of birds used and the ability to use captive-breed birds. Often transmitters are now placed on the falcon in order to help a falconer locate his bird from several miles away. The type of birds used in modern falconry has increased. Birds such as the Red-Tail and Harris’ Hawk are two new additions that have been successfully used. Finally, ancient falconry required that a falconer trap his own bird from the wild. Today, falconers have the ability to selectively breed and hybridize their own birds. This came about during the time of repopulation efforts of the endangered Peregrine Falcon. Modern day falconry is currently being practiced in many countries around the world including the United States and is legal in all states except Hawaii and in the District of Columbia. The biggest change from traditional falconry is the restraints and legalities under which falconers must practice their sport. A falconer must possess both a state and federal license in addition to serving as an apprentice for 2 years under a licensed falconer. Only at this time, can the falconer possess either an American kestrel or a red-tailed hawk legally. Presently, there are over 10,000 licensed falconers in the United States. Falconry seems like a very interesting sport that I would definitely be interested in learning more about. If I had enough money and time, I might consider becoming a falconer as one of my hobbies.

Impact Of Culture On Human Resource Management Management Essay

Impact Of Culture On Human Resource Management Management Essay The global anarchy has witnessed the growing importance of Human Resource Management in both business and public life. The stormy business climate brought in the wake of liberalization, globalization, changing technologies, development in knowledge and advances in information technology is offering managers a complex and challenging situation (Davis, 1995). So researchers are looking into Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on a comparative basis comes across a major question. This question has to do with the extent at which societal culture influences the way firms manage their personnel and the way HRM practices are developed and implemented within firms across various countries in the world. Globalization has shifted the attention of both researchers and practitioners to the way that organizational practices, and especially HRM, are differentiated across various countries as per their cultural context. In the literature one can find several comparative HRM studies concluding , in their majority, that national culture is a conclusive factor in shaping HRM (Heijltjes et al., 1996; Sparrow et al., 1994). In studying about Multi National Companies (MNCs) in 12 countries, Sparrow et al. (1994) found differences in the HRM practices that are perceived to be a source of competitive advantage across the countries. Of all the factors affecting Human Resource Management (HRM) perhaps none is more effective than the national culture and the most popular model for comparison at the level of national culture is that of Hofstede (1980, 1991), which has been the base of numerous research studies in the area of management in general. Hofstede (1980, 1991) argued that American management theories represent their own cultural environment. So, it can be said d that American management cannot be detached from American culture. In the meantime, Laurent (1986:92) viewed that every culture has developed through its own history, some specific and unique insight into the managing of organization and their human resources. Every culture has also developed specific and unique blind spots in the art of managing and organizing (Singh, 2009). Aycan et al (2000) described that due to the increasing demands of the globalized and liberalized business environment, both researchers and practitioners have started paying more attention to the study of culture as an explanatory variable. The researchers have also come to realize that the uncritical adaptation of HRM practices and techniques evolved in the context of Western cultural values may not be effective in other socio-cultural environments. By using Hofstedes framework of national culture, the objective of research is to examine the impact of national culture on HRM practice by applying the Hofstedes (1980) cultural dimensions of collectivism/individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and femininity/masculinity theory. Background of the study: In the new global economy, HRM has become a vital issue for the effectiveness of organizations. In accordance with the existing studies, the shift to globalization required from corporations to achieve focused performance by all means. This shift emphasized the necessity for businesses to fully utilize their human resources engaging suitable practices and strategies (Schuler and Jackson, 2005). The presence of supportive cultural factors is essential for the efficiency and success of the HRM result. It seems obvious that the ways western organizations cope with HRM practices are different from the ways Middle Eastern organizations with their different cultural and institutional situations cope with these issues (Westerduin, 2010). Because Arabic countries have different values and attitudes than the developed countries, which may determine and shape specific managerial approaches in human resource as cited by cultural research perspective. As Mendonca and Kanungo (1996) determined th at one of most important cultural dimensions, which is different in western and eastern cultures and is exclusively important in shaping their HRM strategies, is the assumption about human resource capability. This restlessness to adopt western HRM tools could results lack of suitable practice in the Arabian context (Binjabi, 2011). Saudi Arabia is the most traditional country in the Arab world; it is also the largest member of the six Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) states and has the largest known oil reserves in the world estimated at around 25% of the proved reserves (Mellahi, 2006). Taking into account its strategic geo-political position and energy resources, Saudi Arabia is a major player in the stability of the regional and global economy. Saudi Arabia during the era of King Abdullah since 2005 has also introduced numerous laws and policies such as privatization and foreign investment laws to stimulate competition. He also in a smart step to diversify the economy and create more jobs for Saudis in the privet sector and attract the local and foreign investments has launched giant projects with hundreds of billions dollars. To achieve these development goals, Saudi Arabia has a major investment in human resources management in order to raise its average skill level (Mellahi, 2007). Developing the HRM syste m in a very conservative tribal society, there would be as a natural result numerous Saudi cultural impacts on the HRM system (Albugamy, 2010). The present research will reside on HRM practices in the context of Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the influence of the cultural factors on HRM practices in this country will be examined for its wider implications. Rationale behind choice of setting: Saudi Arabia is chosen as the setting for this study since it is a typical example of a developing economy in Arab with the most conventional and historic cultural environment. According to U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council (2008-09), the construction sector in Saudi Arabia is the largest and fastest growing market in the Gulf region. This sector is the most developed, organized, and diverse also in terms of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices in the country. Ongoing construction projects in the Gulf are valued at $1.9 trillion, and one-quarter of the developments are located in Saudi Arabia. The sector has both foreign and local organizations that bring out the different HRM practices employed by various organizations. Identification of the Problem: It is attempted through this research to create a better description of the effect of culture on HRM practices in Saudi Arabia as we know culturally Arab countries are completely different from other countries. At this moment there is some literature available on the research subject, but not much research on this subject conducted until this moment in the context of Arab countries which present an overview of the current status and trends of HRM in Middle East. It could emerge that the knowledge of HRM in Arab culture that these organizations use at this moment is outdated, or that these organization should be aware of the direction in which the differences between HRM in Western countries and HRM in Middle Eastern countries are evolving. Also, there are problems in the image that people in the Western world have of the Arab world. Negative images in the media of the Middle East prevent these people of obtaining a correct view of all aspects of the Arab culture and values. The curre nt research is an attempt to contribute in order to find out the truth. Also by the help of this research compatibility of HRM practices chosen and implemented by organizations would be checked with the respect of the Arab world (in particular, in the Saudi context with a focus on the construction sector). Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Saudi Arabian national culture on the Human Resource Management (HRM) practices within the organizations and how the cultural elements play a key role in that issue. To this end, HRM practices are viewed in terms of Reduction of status distinctions, Employment security, Performance appraisal and Selective hiring whereas National culture is viewed in terms of Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism and Feminity/ Masculinity. On the basis of the stated research aim, the following objectives are formulated: O1:- To investigate the relationship between the national culture and HRM practices. O2: To identify the effect of the cultural attributes on HRM practices. Significance of the study: It is expected that the current study will make a considerable novel contribution to the academic research in the field of organizational Human Resource Management (HRM). To be more specific, it will assess the role of cultural determinants in the Saudi Arabian context, which was not given enough attention in the previous studies. The significance of the study is that it will lead to the better explanation of HRM lessons in an international environment. On practical basis, the findings that will be drawn from the current study could serve as a guide in transferring HRM policies within the construction sector of Middle East. It also offers insights into what type of HRM practices are more likely to positively influence the organizational performance. It will also add value by suggesting the need for modified HRM practices to fit the Saudi Arabian as well as the international context. Literature Review Human Resource Management (HRM) and Culture: The impact of national culture on a variety of Human Resource (HR) practices has become one of the most important topics in management research (Chen et al., 2006; Gahan and Abeysekera, 2009). From the perspective of institutional theory (Scott et al., 2003; Westney, 2005) it is suggested that HR practices are affected by differences in national culture and that HR practices will be largely dependent on managers abilities to understand and balance different cultural values and practices (Wang et al., 2008). The contingency or external fit perspective emphasizes the fit between national culture and HR practices, implying that specific HR policies are affected by national culture. According to Alcazar et al. (2008), the theories on Human Resource Management (HRM) have focused on universalistic perspectives for number of years. Researchers have put great efforts in finding a single human resources theory that is applicable in every situation, in every organization, every culture, and every country worldwide, therefore a best practices model. During these expansions it became more and more clear that this universalistic theory was nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ existent, and that the solution to the universalistic HRM model should be sought in a contextual, contingent theory which takes into account a wide range of factors that influence the fitness of an HRM model in the given setting. By regarded it, the researchers admitted that a single outline for HRM practices does not exist. The further globalization of businesses meant that the approach HRM takes to her tasks differs from several years ago. HRM departments need to take more factors in consideration than before, inclu ding cultural differences, different labor laws in different countries and different views on labor of the employees (Westerduin, 2010). So research (Sonja and Phillips, 2004) assumes that managers in todays multicultural global business community often encounter cultural differences, which can hinder with management practices in organizations. Leat and El-kot, (2007) have emphasized the effect of national culture, a concept that includes traditions, values, beliefs, attitudes and behavior which influence HRM practices. Laurent (1986) proposed that HRM methods in any country are a reflection of the national culture of that country (Albugamy, 2010). Triandis (1972) and Schein (1992) defined culture in terms of shared ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting; shared socially constructed environments and commonly experienced events including the history, language, and religion of their members (Pellegrini Scandura, 2006). National culture is also defined as the ideas, set of beliefs and norms followed by the people of a certain country; the countrys history, religion and traditions make up for the national culture (Majee d et al., 2010). In comparing cultures of different countries, cross-cultural researchers have focused their attentions on an examination of a set of cultural value dimensions developed by Hofstede. These dimensions are based on a large sample of employees from 40 countries from the large multinational IBM, whom he studied from 1960s, 70s and 80s. According to Gannon Newman, (2002), after investigates, examines, and compares more than 50 countries; he is regarded as the authority in culture differences and how culture differences influence management strategies. He said: in global economic integration of the world, the strategies of all companies in the world are focused on how to meet the largest market to most customers by products and services; while the study of different cultures and values, is the key to success of such strategies (Jing, 2010). Leading value systems of different countries can be ordered along Hofstedes set of cultural value dimensions (Hofstede, 1980; Hofstede Bond, 1988). Peoples Dominant value systems have been crystallized in the institutions these people have built together: their family structures, religious organizations, educational structures, associations, systems of government, work organizations, law and regulations, literature, settlement arrangements, and buildings. All of these reflect common beliefs that derive from the mutual culture. Whereas the value systems affect human thinking, feeling, action, and the behavior of organizations and institutions in predictable ways, the value dimensions reflect basic problems that any society has to cope with but for which solutions differ from country to country (Hofstede, 1983). Current study (Gelfand, 2000) concludes that managers in organizations are recognizing that it is impossible to maintain bias views while doing business across different cultures. Cultural knowledge and a global focus are crucial to survive, and to thrive, within todays business environment. However, the same literature does not give a global focus that is accordant with the global reality of business. Discussion and empirical assessment of culture and HRM practices (Aycan, et al, 2000) has been focused on specific developed countries and developing countries have been given little attention (Nyambegera et al, 2000) which is the gap in the existing academic knowledge. Variables of the study For the purpose of this study the study variables have been grouped into two categories, namely cultural variables that include sub variables as defined by Hofstede, 2001, and organization variables that include HR practices as defined by Gong et al., 2009. Cultural variables: The first category of variables includes the societal culture as defined by Hofstede (2001). Power Distance: Power distance is the degree to which individuals agree that power should be dispersed unequally in the society (Hofstede, 2001). Hofstedes Power Distance Index tells how much one countrys less powerful people accept and respect the unequal power distributed. The inequality of the society is followed by peoples earlier different life experiences such as value and norms. Some cultures present the Power Distance obviously, some present inconspicuously (Jing, 2010). High power distance cultures tend to view inequality as normal or natural. In such cultures, lower-status people are addressed by their first names, while for higher-status people different prefixes are added before their first names (Pellegrini and Scandura, 2006). In low power distance cultures lower-status people are more likely to believe that they should have voice in decision processes (Alves et al., 2006), and will be less motivated if this is withdrawn. Power distance has significant implication for management styles and practices (Emmerik et al., 2008). In low power distance cultures there is a preference for leadership styles that promote flexibility, innovation, job mobility, and general skills, rather than the specialized skills that are preferred in high power distance cultures (Dickson et al., 2003). Power distance plays a role in employees willingness to accept supervisory direction, and on their emphasis on gaining support from those in positions of authority (Taleghani, 2010). People in high power distance cultures accept more guidance from superiors, and this extra attention makes high-status employees more enthusiastic about work. In lower power distance cultures wage differentials between men and women are smaller (Hofstede, 2001). Uncertainty Avoidance: Hofstede (2001) defines uncertainty avoidance denotes to the extent to which individuals feel threatened by and try to avoid vague and uncertain situations. Uncertainty about the future is a basic fact of human life, extreme uncertainty creates unbearable anxiety, and human society has created ways to avoid the uncertainty, for example by the mean of technology, which helps us defend ourselves against uncertainty caused by nature and laws, which help us against the actions of others, religions, which help us accept the uncertainties we cannot protect ourselves against. Different societies have different ways to adapt to uncertainty, how tolerant for the uncertain anxiety a single society has is talking about the Uncertainty Avoidance Index. The high Uncertainty Avoidance society has more worries about the future and anything uncertain, and therefore more ways to defend against those anxieties; and the low Uncertainty Avoidance society has fewer fears about the uncertainties, and therefore such society doesnt care so much about the rules (Jing, 2010). Dikson claims that in societies high on UA, career stability, formal rules and the development of expertise tend to be valued, whereas in low UA cultures, more flexibility in roles and jobs, an emphasis on general rather than specialized skills and more job mobility is more typical. People in uncertainty avoiding cultures are also more expressive, and driven by inner nervous energy. People in uncertainty accepting cultures may be more tolerant of different opinions and relatively unstructured situation s. In the work environment, uncertainty avoidance may lead individuals to try to avoid ambiguous situations and look for precise alternatives. Within such a cultural context, there will be many established formal rules or informal norms controlling the rights and duties of employees (Chang et al., 2007). Individualism/Collectivism: Hofstede (2001) defines individualism against its opposite, collectivism, as the degree to which the society encourages and rewards collective action (Pellegrini Scandura, 2006). The culture inclined to be individualistic is more focused on ones own desires and values, and serves their own interests by relying on individual exertion; the relations between people are regarded less important than oneself. On the other hand, compared with individualism, the culture inclined to be collective is more focused on a combination of strong social organizations, which is divided into inside the group and outside the group. People cared for by members inside the group, and pay back by their loyalty; they love their group like themselves, and they can sacrifice their own likings for the group (Jing, 2010). In collectivist societies, supervisors rely on loyalty of staff, reliability and harmonized group relationship with others while people in individualism culture people enjoy personal particula rs and successes in order to define themselves. The dimension of individualism and collectivism has received the most attention in cross-cultural organizational research (Triandis, 1994). It has been shown to have major implication for the motivational as well as employment practices. For example, in more individualistic societies HR practices tend to differentiate between employees based on their individual performance. These societies also use differentiation in the reward system (Beer and Katz, 2003). At the same time, employees from collectivistic countries prefer reward systems that are non-competitive in nature (Chiang and Birtch, 2005). Employees from more individualistic cultures tend to be more driven by improving themselves and their own positions in life, and are also characterized by feeling comfortable in competitive environments (Probst et al., 1999), whereas employees from more collectivistic countries tend to be more motivated by the success of the group as a whole. More individualistic cultures will tend to emphasize HR practices that stress individual rewards management (e.g. offering individual bonuses and perks, promoting on performance) more than in collectivistic cultures. Masculinity/Femininity: Hofstede (2001) refers to masculinity/femininity, as the distribution of roles between the genders. It is also referred to as assertiveness (House et al., 1999), which emphases on competition, success, aggressive social relationships, and limited emotional involvement with others. His research showed that womens values differ less among societies than mens values; and mens values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from womens values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to womens values on the other. Hofstede (1998) stated that in high masculine societies, men are supposed to be firm, tough, and focusing on material success; woman are supposed to be more modest, affectionate, and concerned with the quality of life. A man has the obligation to earn money for his family; he should work hard to be successful in society, the harder he works, the more respect he gets from his family and society. Therefore , competition in a masculinity society is very fierce and people pay attention to the work performance very much, they believe life is for work. In high femininity society, both man and woman are supposed to be concerned with the quality of life. A woman has the obligation to take care of the house work, such as cooking, cleaning, and the children, so that her husband can go out and earn money without any worries (Jing, 2010). Research showed that the distribution of gender roles has major implications for HR practices and for career strategies as well as career opportunities of women. Hofstede (2001) described that masculine and feminine cultures create different leader hero types. The heroic manager in masculine cultures is decisive and aggressive. In feminine cultures, the hero is less visible, seeks consensus, and is intuitive and cooperative rather than tough and decisive. At work, in more feminine societies more weight is attached to subjective, intuition-oriented conditions such as care, nurturing and relationships (Alves et al., 2006). At the same time, in more masculine societies people ascribe greater value on monet ary rewards, while in turn more feminine societies place greater importance on non-financial rewards (Chiang and Birtch, 2005). Saudi Arabian culture in Hofstede cultural perspective: Studies of the culture in Saudi Arabia have specified that it is fairly homogenous, like most Middle Eastern nations (Idrees, 2007). Analyzing and comparing Saudi cultural orientations based upon a typology developed by Geert Hofstede show that on the above mentioned cultural dimensions Saudi Arabia presents a unique culture. Saudi Arabias power distance ranking of 80 is revealing of a high level of inequality of power and wealth within the society. This ranking advocates that the population has an expectation and acceptance that leaders will separate themselves from the group and this condition is not essentially undermined upon the population, but rather accepted by the society as their cultural heritage. Idris (2007) indicated the high power distance in Saudi Arabia is evident in the Saudis strong preference for managerial positions due to the belief that labor jobs are dishonorable and considered by many to be a cause of embarrassment. Saudi Arabias high power distance also impacts decision making. Bhuian (1998) described that, generally, Saudi managers make decisions autocratically and paternalistically to subordinates who are considered as having strong dependence needs (Cassell Blake, 2011). Saudi Arabias uncertainty avoidance ranking of 68 shows the societys low level of tolerance for uncertainty. Saudi Arabias ranking suggests that new projects will be carefully analyzed to assure that whatever risk they represent is thoroughly understood and addressed. In order for change to take hold, the idea needs to be perceived as good for the group and be accepted by the group. Due to Saudi Arabias uncertainty avoidance ranking, there is a conception that Saudis prefer government intervention in business practices. Bhuian, 1998 mentioned that within organizations, the ranking is evident in the fact that Saudi managers are generally not tolerant of deviation of the generally inflexible company rules (Cassell Blake, 2011). Saudi Arabias individualism ranking of 38 interprets into a Collectivist society as compared to Individualist culture and is revealed in a close long-term commitment to the member group, that being a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Alanazi and Rodrigues in 2003 also described the Saudi culture as collectivistic with strict  devotion  to the teachings of Islam, which governs the  social behavior  and provides a strong cultural fabric that covers the whole nation. Essentially, business is affected by the collective thinking of the Saudis, which dictates that relationships trump business dealings (Idris, 2007). Saudi Arabia scores 52 on the dimension of masculinity/femininity, thus Saudi Arabia has a more feministic culture. So, in Saudi Arabia people maintain good relationships with each other. Saudi Arabias ranking also impacts hiring and firing practices. Research has found that terminations for poor performance rarely happen because the desire for relationships results in long life employment (Idris, 2007). Historically, the society has been characterized as valuing behavior displaying kindness, selflessness, and generosity; deference to those above in the hierarchy of the family; freedom from reliance on others and mastery over ones emotions; and a willingness to support other family members and accept responsibility for their errors as well (Cassell Blake, 2011). HR Management Practices in Saudi Arabia: HR professionals in Saudi Arabia view HR as a core strategy for improving organizational performance (Ramlall et al., 2012). Pillai et al., (1999) explained management practices in the Islamic world (of which Saudi Arabia is a major part) as influenced by tribal traditions where the manager is expected to act as a father figure. This means favoring the continuity of the family concept over improved organizational effectiveness and competitiveness. Their study showed that this reliance on the  father-figure  relationship means that leaders and managers in the Middle East face difficulties convincing the employees to be part of the solution to management problems. According to Yavas (1997), a prevailing organizational structure in which the manager makes all the decisions repels positive change. According to Bhuian et al., (2001) the people of the kingdom need to be guided and told what to do and actually prefer government involvements in business practices (Idris, 2007).  Beer e t al., (1985) specified, Since, Saudi Arabias collective culture values group work, the pay-for-performance system that recognizes individuals is destabilized when management tries to  moderate  it by writing comforting statements on the appraisal forms to compensate for low salary increases for poor performers. The prevailing culture is  in favor of  life employment, so managers are restrained from  purging  poor performers and substituting them with high performers. Unless the difference in compensation of the high performers and low performers is great, companies risk discouraging the high performers whereas motivating the low performers to remain unproductive (Idris, 2007). Organizational Variables: The second category of variables includes the HRM practices that reflect cultural dimensions in which they were developed. HR practices that are likely to be sensitive to cultural influences are followings (Gong et al., 2009); Employment security: Employment security can be characterized as maintenance-oriented HRM because they defend employees well-being. Employment security may encourage employees to stay in their job. In the literature, employment security usually refers to protection against unfair or unjustified dismissals. According to ILO (1995) employment security means that workers have protection against arbitrary and short notice dismissal from employment, as well as having long-term contracts of employment and having employment relations that avoid casualization. Evidently this definition covers only one category of the labor market wage and salary workers. It is they who are employed by some legal entity, and are at risk of being dismissed by that legal entity, and can have a stable or unstable employment relation with their employer (Dasgupta, 2001). In an era of downsizing and rightsizing, employment security can confer yet another advantage, in that it boosts people to take a longer-term perspective on their jobs and organizational performance. Employment security policies will also lead to more cautious hiring, because the firm knows it cannot simply let people go quickly if it has overestimated its labor demand. Slenderer staffing can actually make the work force more productive, with less people doing extra work. Additionally, employment security maintained over time helps to build trust and belief between people and their employer, which can lead to better spirit in the company (Pfeffer, 1998). Reduction of Status Distinctions: The basic premise of high-performance management systems is that organizations perform at a higher level when they are able to tap the ideas, abilities, skills, and struggle of all of their people. One way in which they do this is by organizing people in work teams, a topic already briefly covered here. But neither individuals nor teams will feel comfortable or stimulated to contribute their minds as well as their physical energy to the organization if it has sent signals that they are not both valuable and valued. In order to help make all organizational members feel important and devoted to improving organizational operations, so, most high-commitment management systems attempt to reduce the status distinctions that separate individuals and groups and cause some to feel less valued. This is accomplished in two ways: symbolically, through the use of language and labels, physical space, and dress, and practically, in the reduction of the organizations degree of wage disparity. Status differences are reduced and a sense of common fate established by limiting the difference in compensation between senior management and other employees. The reduction of status differences inspires open communication, essential in an organization in which learning and adaptation are encouraged. Status differences are reduced and a sense of common fate developed by limiting the difference in compensation between senior management and other employees (Pfeffer, 1998). Conclusively reduced status distinctions include dress, language, of ¬Ã‚ ce arrangements, wage differences and behaviors across levels (Ahmad Schroeder, 2003). Selective hiring: Selective hiring is aimed at developing an organizations talent pool. Organizations serious about gaining profits through pe

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Christianity's Influence on the Vikings When I think of the words that describes Vikings I think of barbaric, having no mercy, and great explores. Words that describe a Christian to me are trustworthy, considerate, helpful, and peaceful. The descriptions of words I described for Vikings and Christians have basically opposite meanings. As the Vikings gradually became Christians they started to dramatically change their culture. So as Christianity was implemented on the Vikings they became more civilized. The Vikings gradually picked up Christianity influences throughout their existence but my question is did it play a key role in the down fall of the Vikings? The Viking era existed from 800 AD to 1200 AD and during 1000 AD Christianity began to have major influence in the Viking culture (Roesdahl 27). A major religion that shaped the Viking culture is Nordic Paganism (Williams). According to Stephen Henkin who wrote an article called the Viking Fury, the Vikings admired and tried to live up to the character traits they saw their gods portraying(Henkin ). Stephen Henkin suggested that character traits the Vikings saw in the Nordic gods are virile qualities: brutality, anger, lust, and humor (Henkin). The Vikings attempted to try to shape their character from the character traits they saw their gods portraying believing that they should try to acquire these characteristics to make their gods happy. Nordic Paganism was polytheistic with the main gods being Odin, Thor and Frey (â€Å"The Pagan Library†). Odin was the god of wisdom, magic and runes (â€Å"The Pagan Library†). The runes were the alphabet of the Vikings. Rune stones is the only documented writing from the Vikings during their existence, so a lot of the history during the ... ...the Vikings, I came to the conclusion that it was a key. The change in character traits of a person completely alters a person as it did with the Vikings. So the influence of Christianity character helped alter the Vikings to disappear. Works Cited Brent, Peter. The Viking Saga. New York:. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1975. Gerset, Knut. History of the Norwegien People. New York: Au Press, 1969. Henkin, Stephen. â€Å"Viking Fury.† The World Li. Jan 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library. 31 March 2004. Roesdall, Else and David M. Wilson, ed. From Viking to Crusader. New York: Rizzoli, 1992. Skarsten, Trygve R. â€Å"Nordic Religions in the Viking Age.† Church History. Sep. 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library, 31 March 2004 Williams, Garth. â€Å"Pagan belief.† BBCi. 6 April 2004. 6 April 2004 < http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/religion_02.shtml>.

Kindergarten Readiness Skills Promotes Academic Achievement in Language and Literacy Development Essay

Potential Questions * Does attending Pre-Kindergarten lead to a greater success rate in Kindergarten? * Is academics more important than developing the whole child? * What advantages are achieved by students who attend Pre-Kindergarten compared to those that do not? * Why do some parents prefer not to allow their child to attend Pre-Kindergarten? * How does pre-kindergarten lottery selections affect readiness skills? Keywords Success rate Academic success Public Pre-Kindergarten Public Kindergarten Readiness skills Parent educational level Educational Significance The researcher will use the qualitative methods approach, which would be most beneficial to support the topic. In qualitative research, the numbers and types of approaches have also become more clearly visible during the 1990s and into the 21st century. Books have summarized the various types (such as the 19 strategies identified by Wolcott, 2001), and complete procedures are  now available on specific qualitative inquiry approaches. Case studies are a strategy of inquiry in which the researcher explores in depth a program, event, activity, process, or one or more individuals. Cases are bounded by time and activity, and researchers collect detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a sustained period of time (Stake, 1995). Background/Need for the Study. Most of the long-term research on the effects of preschool focuses on low-income children. There is very little data on any long-term benefits for middle-class children. A growing number of states have started to fund preschool programs offered at public schools, called pre-kindergarten (or pre-K) programs. Reason for interest in topic. As a Kindergarten teacher in the public school system for over ten years, it has amazed me that some students enter Kindergarten ill prepared. Readiness skills are a key factor in a child experiencing academic success during the early years of school. The achievement gap is gradually closing within our school district. However, outreach to parents is still vital in order to help them understand the importance of early childhood learning. References. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. (3rd ed., p. 13). Sage. Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Wolcott, H. T. (2001). Writing up qualitative research. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.healthofchildren.com/P/Preschool.html.

Trompworth to Janto

The autumn air was abrupt at once against Tims chest as he breathed in. He felt wintryer than he had for a long time for he had no scarf wrapped rough his cut or a pelage. Tim wore only if a plain white direct T-shirt, which plainly was non enough to s nobble him from quiver and rattling his teeth. Jim how forever flavoured the more sizeable of the deuce as he wore what he correspondingd to c all(prenominal) the full spate which was make up of a T-shirt, danceer, and coat and was comp permited with clothes and a chequer scarf.The devil had tho left school for the day and travelled with the Janto plant to their home on the some some opposite berth. It was their avow r egresse that they had make for themselves and had utilise all e realplace the numerous eld of att culminationing Trompworth School. The two con rampred Trompworth to be the greatest school in the coun filter come to the fore. It proved to be a really different word form of school to what regulation good deal would be used to. It had been rest for nearly two hundred years and was built in a grade of French style room decoratorure.Each build block was do of a superfluous kind of cream coloured brick, which gave from individually whiz create a kind of forevermore and modern look to it. Each threshold leading in align the school was perpetually completely c over in flowers nearly the make it and sides and no one ever tried or eve conception ab come surface of the closet picking them. The school got even purify once inside for it had hale-nigh(prenominal) special features and unique places and the corridors often had m any twists and turns, which proved to be exercise a sort of labyrinth in certain split.The architect who built the place calculated that children should al federal agencys be amused and entertained even in such(prenominal) a place as school. He estimation that e very(prenominal)one should film very fond memories of their school if non the building at least the atmosp here that they got from it. some(prenominal) pack fr ingested upon this until they went to look themselves and see how a child could really benefit from enjoying themselves at the place they went to learn.The sun glistened finished the twist unless did non give Jim or Tim even the slightest feeling of warmth. The amount of leaves on the path that they make got greater as the two went deeper into the woods as if the forest itself unavoidablenessed them to emancipate their mien. It didnt issuance provided since they both knew the path comfortably and would pose surely noticed if they somehow managed to stray.argon you walkway up that cumulus again Jim? Tim joked as he pointed to a itty-bitty hill, which had alkaliprints on in a way that looked wish as if some cope took place on it.Jim gl atomic number 18d at Tim badly as he tried his beat not to grin at what Tim had fair(a) verbalise.Hey It wasnt my faul t, it was pouring with rain, Jim give tongue to, as he hook oned to caper man looking for for at the plant footprints in the hill.I seemed to overtake up it okay, a grinning Tim replied, succession walking in front of Jim by some metres.Thats only because you practically had a ingrained set of stairs made for you Jim yelled as he ran to catch Tim up.You were covered in mud from interrogative sentence to walk when you fell Tim chuckled.Jim was silent for a hour exhausting to imply of something good to interpret vertebral column to Tim. Anyway it was a burn out of time stressful because it would contract only taken intimately thirty blink of an look off-key our journey even if we did manage to seize to the top. I could gravely walk for a week aft(prenominal) rolling mass to the piece of tail, respectable Tim? Jim utter, who somehow found a purpose to have a smug look on his reckon.Jim did not have a game to think or a help to react plainly a small pitfall wherefore hit Jim straight on the nose. Jim and so holler in pain as he locate his hold on his nose.What happened? Tim yelled, turning instill to Jim to see what has proficient happened. Jim didnt reply that clean looked slightly in all counselings obviously trying to find were the stone could have come from.Losers A verbalize came from ass Jim and Tim who right off rancid and motto two people they would have been happy not to have seen. It was Tims rival macintosh with Morris who stood lower than mac and kept a slouched posture and stood a few steps behind him.I thought Id find you more or less here Tim, mackintosh express, as he let his own weight move him trim quite a miniature the hill from the shifting gravel stones and gravel. Morris past did the same scarce had throw out of kilter cargon his proportionateness, which he did purposefully. macintosh was considered to be one of the most popular kids in Trompworth and was revere by people desire Morris.What argon you doing on our trail macintosh? Jim give tongue to bravely as he stepped in front of macks way. mac so(prenominal) started to pull a face at Jim and consequently push him out of the way to get to of Tim. macintosh and Jim and so squ atomic number 18d up to each other slice Jim and Morris stood to the side of them. Jim stargond into macks eyes and the smile did not leave his face as he looked on. The expression on macs face indeed unawares changed and his head turn to Morris taking his eyes off Jims.What? Morris said, surprise to wherefore macintosh is looking at him identical that.Do you hear that? mac said, turning his head back to Tim. Tim didnt final result expert refocused his eyes onto macks.mackintosh hence glowering by and signalled Morris to follow him up a small hill. Mack ran strongly up the hill while Morris used his digs to climb even though it wasnt very steep. Whats his problem? Jim said, as he watched Tim belatedl y walk up to the start of the hill with a curious look in his eyes.I dont k straight off but Im starting to dislike Mack. Tim said, laughing after(prenominal)wards.Where are you vent? Jim said.Mack said he comprehend something. It could be something worth perceive. Tim said, even-tempered with a smile on his face.He thus started to walk up the hill quite quickly and for some discernment seemed to be very interested in what Mack had heard. Jim simmer down feather remained at the bottom thinking close whether or not he should follow or jam on walking home. Tim whence reached the top of the hill. Jim upon seeing Tim disappear over the other side instantly aroused his mind for him to follow.Jim stared to run up the hill using his mickles where they helped since he was running at some speed. Jim usually felt rude(a) without Tim with him so was hardly ever farthestaway behind him. He and so reached the top of the hill but his locoweed was temporarily blocked by the s un orgasm out from behind a cloud. Jim hence(prenominal) heard a splash and it was at one time followed by the sound of laughter by m either people. Tim was excessively to be heard laughing in the distance.Jim raised(a) his hand towards the sun to block out the noctilucent and intense sun, which always seemed to get brighter once you entered the woods and would once again go back to normal once you had left. The view thence came into view. It was the Janto teem, which was the one place that Jim didnt hope to see any closer.After all Janto was said to be an enchanted wood. everywhere a thousand years agone it was said that evil witches and wizards from all over the world would come here for antic rituals.It was rumoured that many parts of the Janto woods had been verbalise and could place a spell on you if it somehow could. There were many parts of the Janto woods where it was said that the witches and wizards would gather such as The Grotto and The Great Swell. By the pissingcourse stood Tim and a group of boys, which include Mack and Morris. The group of boys all went to Trompworth and had fit(p) all their school bags in a large chaw by the current itself.Jim then jogged over to the group and greeted each of them with a smile except Mack and Morris of course. He could now see that on the other side of the pissway stood two girls. Jim knew the two girls quite well as he grew up with both of them. Their call were Isabella and Carrie and both had long blonde cop and both wore almost identical clothes.The sympathy for the splash then came quite homely as their sit down in the core of the lake on a careen was form whose clothes were completely drenched. The group of boys including Tim were still laughing at him. ashes was known for his way with girls and always managed to get who he wanted. only he always seemed to daunt himself one way or another(prenominal) but always had a ingenious way of keeping his composure.Laugh while you c an peasants You know that I am no longer loss play to like any of you unless you cease your laughing stiff yelled, climbing to his feet.The laughter then today ceased and Clay then reached the other side. The pour out was near twenty- fin foot in width and had six small jagged leanings placed from one side of the burgeon forth to the other. The pissing was rough a foot from smear aim and sometimes disperse above when the current change magnitude, which it often did.Whats going on? Jim finally asked. Tim dour round to Jim who was now rest next to him.Isabella and Carrie are kissing the boys that can make it over the rain buckets without falling in. Tim chuckled, who looked extremely raring(predicate) to try it himself. Jim laughed and watched Clay tipping piss out of his shoes on the other side. ok next Carrie wawled. The next boy then approached the edge of the menstruation and looked down at the piss. The boy was Mack.There was never any fish or any other sor t of flavour in the spud for it was said to contain some kind of substance, which made fish and other life unable to survive. However it seemed to have no affect on humans.Mack then pass acrossed onto the head start quaver with ease and was most to jump onto the second when a phonation came from within the group of boys. Dont look down Mack The voice said. The group of boys then moved to reveal Yenke stood in the middle. Yenke was Trompworths foreign exchange student from somewhere that no one really knew. He was very short for his age and had a very preposterous accent, which sounded a mix of Australian and Welsh.He often said odd things but not many of the boys had not heard one as spiritual as this one. Yenke chuckled nervously and struggled to talk in risk of more embarrassment. Its Janto woods after. The stream is said to be cursed and go forth take you away if it could He said.Mack had a very nonplus but sarcastic look on his face, which distinctly offend Yenke.Y oure a fool to believe in such things Yenke Mack call but did not look down once after. Mack then jumped to the second and his shoes squeaked on the wave but he managed to keep his residuum. Its easy He shouted.Mack then looked up at Carrie and Isabella who stood cheering on the edge. The edge of the stream suddenly seemed to suddenly stretch. Just a little at scratch line. Only a few centimetres but then became a dot on the horizon.Whats a matter Mack you lost your nerve? Clay shouted even though Mack could no longer see him. Mack shook his head as if awaking from a take in that he had been subjected to.Come on Mack Morris shouted while start up and down in the air. zipper up Other people would like a chance as well. Tim shouted on the edge of the stream. With that Jim then walked over to Tim and placed his hand on his berm.Your not thinking about crossing is you? Its life-threatening. Jim whispered, fashioning sure that the group of boys dont hear.Listen to Jim you moldin ess Tim. Jim beneathstands dangers of the Janto woods. You would be wise to take his advice. Yenke said from behind Jim.Tim stepped in front of Jim forcing him to move out of the way so he could get in front of Yenke. Youve been going to Trompworth School for about five proceeding Yenke. How would you know whats dangerous and whats safe around here? Tim said knelling down to him. Yenkes eyes then darkened and became angry.The group of boys then backed away as if they knew what Yenke was about to do. What? Who are you to dare talk to me like that? Yenke yelled at the top of his voice. Tim then started walking backwards as Yenke slowly approached him.What are you going to do now? He said as he led Tim backwards until he came to the pile of bags placed behind him.Nothing I guess Tim said. It was a rare sight to see when Tim step down from a challenge but in that location was fair something about Yenke, which was unusually unsettling to people.Exactly nada and I doubt your going to d o anything about this either. Yenke calmly said.Yenke then walked back to the group of boys who looked on at Tim and wondered why he didnt stand up for himself. Tim was well known at Trompworth since people believed him to be someone who always stands up for himself and others. However it wasnt the case this time.By this time Mack was already over the other side of the stream and was now messing around with Isabella, which Tim was clearly angered by. It was common knowledge at Trompworth that Tim had been forever in love with Isabella so obviously became angry once he seen this. Okay my turn Tim said as he then pushed his way through the group of boys stood in front of him. He passed Jim who now had a very sick look on his face.Tim crackped at the edge of the river and looked down at the irrigate for a considerable amount of time. Jim then joined him and saw that the expression on Tims face had dramatically changed. Whats that? He said not taking his eyes of the water system do wn the stairs.Whats what? Jim quickly replied.That voice. Can you hear it? Tim said as he went all ghastly and frightened. He turned his head to Jim who was looking on at him very puzzled about what he could hear. Does anyone else hear that voice? Tim asked the group of boys behind him who were now speak again amongst themselves. Tim had never heard such a sound beforehand. It seemed to sound like a voice talking in some strange language from under the water. The voice was very ruff and daunting and seemed to stop when Tim took his eyes off the water. clear frightened by what he just heard hitherto it didnt make him want to make him change his mind about crossing the stream. Tim you shouldnt shout about hearing voices here. Jim whispered.Next Carrie shouted from the other side of the stream. Tim then stepped in front of the first escape from but was again placid by Jim who held him back by his shoulder.Youre not actually walking over there are you? He whispered gently but ve ry much overstretchfully. Tim laughed and turned round to Jim making his hand throw off from his shoulder. Tim was again smiling.Come on Jim. Its just a stream at the end of the day. He said although he seemed very discouraged after hearing that voice. Tim then turned back to the shudder as Jim stood there not willing to try and stop him any longer.Why essential you always follow Mack? Jim said although it was too quiet for Tim to hear. Without any unless hesitation Tim jumped to the first stone and immediately found trouble keeping his balance and had to move his arm to stay upright. He then quickly stuck his foot out for the second one so he could cross in a better time than anyone else.The voice then returned as he looked downwardly. He quickly raised his head, which made him start to carving from the shiver. Mack then started laughing but Tim didnt take notice and tried not to respond. He carried on laughing and Tim couldnt take it any more and sharply raised his head, w hich resulted him losing balance yet again.Luckily the second stone was around three foot away from Tim so he quickly jumped to it. The second stone was much larger than the first so found no trouble keeping his balance. Tim was then found it executable to look round at Jim and the others. Jim seemed to be mouthing something while pointing at something.He turned his head back to Mack who was also pointing towards the rock and talking but no words came out. Tim then looked down at his feet and saw that the water was now outlet over the rock and covering his feet.Tim Jim shouted in desperation but it seemed that Tim could no longer hear a thing.The water looks as if its moving faster doesnt it? Mack said to Carrie.Tim was not moving he had turned however and was now reflection upstream. The speed of the stream then increased and now everyone was now shouting Jims label but wouldnt dare go and get him.Tim seemed uninfluenced however by the increase speed of the water, which shoul d be throwing him off the rock right about now. The water level then started to rise and the came over the side and onto the grass forcing back the two groups of people on each side.The water around Tims feet suddenly got high almost up to his knees but the water level around the stone stayed the same as the water seemed to curve upwards.Jim, whats going on? Mack yelled at Jim as he walked backwards towards the woods. Everyone one had now left leaving Jim and Tim.Tim, can you hear me? Jim shouted as he then braved through the water but was somehow unaffected by Jims voice. Tim wasnt going to answer no matter what Jim shouted. Jim then got the courage to jump into the water. The water was obviously well below zero and was much deeper than Jim first thought it to be. By this time the water was up to Jims neck and struggled to blow against the current, which was slowly wrench and pushing him down the stream. However he still found the strength to swim over to the second rock, which Tim was still standing on not having moved since he steeped onto it.He got as close to the second rock as he could since the force of the shifting water around the rock repelled him. Jim then found a second base where he could stick his hand right in the spiral of water around Tims rock and pussy the bottom of his pant leg, which he then pulled at but Tim still remained stationary. He didnt let go however and tugged it again this time making sure that Tim would fall forward preferably of backwards no matter how dangerous it might be. It worked and Tim then fell forward losing his footing into the freezing water.Jim however made sure that he held onto Tims trouser leg, which made him able to slide over the rock and onto the side that Tim had fallen into. The shifting water around the rock then ended but immediately the tide picked up. Jim pulled Tims head out of the water. Tim spat up water from his mouth and coughed it in Jims face. What happened? Tim asked while tugging at his clothes, which Jim was hanging onto with one hand while the other hand remained clung to the rock.Grab onto the rock Jim shouted back trying not to shiver.Tim then kicked his legs behind him and was able to grab the rock trying not to get his own hands in the way of Jims. Tim managed to get to the over side of the rock and was pushed straight into it, which made him find it hard to breathe as the speed of the stream kept rising. Jims legs dangled from behind him but Tim made sure his hands did not slip from the rock.The speed of the stream was now very strong and both Jim and Tim struggled to hold on as the stream sort of changed direction on Tims side, which tried to make him loose grip. There was no way either of them could pull themselves up to the rock as it somehow repelled them from getting any higher above the rock.What do we do? Tim asked as he shivered and kicked his legs to the left still trying to hold on.The two kept their heads downwards the water, which helped them to concentrate. Jims right hand then suddenly slipped from the rock the rock and Tim couldnt grab onto it again as it was forced too far out. Tim struggled to keep Jims left hand in his as well since it in brief started to slip. all of the two could shout or yell for help for it was way too cold for them to even murmur by now. Jim then suddenly felt another hand touch his left and felt Tims release.Jim then looked up and saw Mack positioned upon the rock with his hand stretched out towards him. Jim grabbed it and was then pulled up to the rock with Tim who already was pulled up by Mack.You okay? He asked.I think so. Jim replied acknowledging Tim. Mack then was about to jump over the rock closest to the rim but water passed over it before he could and it stayed travelling over. He then turned to the other side where there were four rocks but water was already passing over them.The river is in consummation with us Mack yelled. The water passing all over the other five rocks then sto pped.Come on Tim yelled as he then jumped to the rock nearest to the shore. Jim then followed immediately after Tim jumped to the soil.Hurry up Mack Jim shouted as he then reached the soil.Mack then turned his head up river and saw that the stream seemed to bulge from frontwards upwards. It then slowly turned into a wave and instantaneously accelerated towards him at an inconceivable speed. Just as well Mack was the fasted person in Trompworth since he sprinted to the second stone and then jumped to the soil but was dragged somewhat downwards as the wave clipped his legs, which made him basis on his stomach.Mack was then helped up by both Jim and Tim.Why did you exempt us for? I thought youd be happy getting us out of your life. Jim asked trying to catch his breath.You are jest arent you? Im not going to let the two people I admire just sink am I? He replied looking on at the water settle once more.Are you proficient? I could vow that you hated us. Jim replied tingle some of t he water out of his clothes. Tim stayed sat further away than both Mack and Jim who looked as if he had just been through a lot in that trance of his.No I admire your friendly relationship with each other, but Im just grasping I guess. Mack said looking back to Tim who still didnt talk. Jim looked on at Mack but then saw his eyes intensify towards Tim.What are you doing here? Mack demanded while standing up. Jim turned round also and seen Yenke standing behind Tim by a few feet. Tim however didnt seem to notice.Im not allowed near my own stream anymore? Yenke said while raising a hand with the deal pointing upwards. With that Tim got to his feet slowly.Youre stream? Jim asked.Wait, you did all this? Mack shouted towards Yenke.I just wanted a game. Yenke said still holding his hand up.What are you? Jim stuttered. Yenke just smiled and then pushed out his hand towards the stream.Tim then started to sprint towards the stream at a huge pace.Tim, what are you doing? Mack shouted runnin g after him. Tim was then about to jump into the stream but was tackled down by Mack, which managed to stop him. Yenke then approached with the smile still on his face and walked straight into the stream go away beneath the surface.Get off me Tim shouted pushing Mack off him.Yenke almost made you drown Tim. Mack protected you. Jim said walking over to them.What are you talking about? Tim yelled towards Mack.Yenke was commanding you and the river Tim. I doubt hes actually human. Mack said. Tim then started to laugh a little at first but it soon turned into a hysterical one. Jim put a hand on Tims shoulder and started to walk him towards the woods as Mack followed.So wheres Morris then? Jim asked.I made him leave. He wouldnt have wanted me assist you. Mack replied as they all disappeared into the woods.